Technological developments are taking place in two opposite directions:the user end is becoming increasingly simpler, ______(1)_______ the skills and equipment making that _____(2)______ are becoming complex and multi-layered with ______(3)_______ interlinks. Modern railways are no ______(4)_______ as intense demands on energy usage, reliability, availability, maintainability, safety and costs force developers to use modern design. Railways of the _____(5)_______ will depend on multiple skills and delivery experience to meet user and operator _____(6)______. Railways are now integrated systems.

This is even truer as users need on-tap information, operators need interactive systems to maximise yield and investors need higher _____(7)_____. Whatever it is urban transport, where _____(8)______ time information and control are critical to success, or high-speed train systems, where sensitive control and equipment ____(9)___ is a fundamental need, railway system providers have to integrate many ____(10)____links for successful delivery.

1.
a) while
b) albeit
c) when
d) as
e) despite

2.
a) available
b) hypothetical
c) possible
d) unlikely
e) advisable

3.
a) insignificant
b) similar
c) miniature
d) short
e) extensive

4.
a) ratification
b) exception
c) preference
d) better
e) exclusion

5.
a) past
b) later
c) distant
d) future
e) ultimate

6.
a) demands
b) calls
c) sales
d) answers
e) offers

7.
a) identify
b) inequality
c) predictability
d) difference
e) variety

8.
a) in
b) certain
c) actual
d) no
e) real

9.
a) counselling
b) monitoring
c) negligence
d) ignorance
e) scanning

10.
a) separate
b) discrete
c) alike
d) diverse
e) conforming